Browsing by Author "Reiss, Peter"

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    Antiretroviral Treatment of Adult HIV Infection 2010 Recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel
    (2010) Thompson, Melanie A.; Aberg, Judith A.; Cahn, Pedro; Montaner, Julio; Rizzardini, Giuliano; Telenti, Amalio; Gatell, Jose; Günthard, Huldrych F.; Hammer, Scott M.; Hirsch, Martin S.; Jacobsen, Donna M.; Reiss, Peter; Richman, Douglas D.; Volberding, Paul A.; Yeni, Patrick; Schooley, Robert T.; International AIDS Society-USA
    Context Recent data regarding the consequences of untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the expansion of treatment choices for antiretroviralnaive and antiretroviral-experienced patients warrant an update of the International AIDS Society–USA guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy in adults with HIV infection. Objectives To provide updated recommendations for management of HIVinfected adults, using antiretroviral drugs and laboratory monitoring tools available in the international, developed-world setting. This report provides guidelines for when to initiate antiretroviral therapy, selection of appropriate initial regimens, patient monitoring, when to change therapy, and what regimens to use when changing. Data Sources and Study Selection A panel with expertise in HIV research and clinical care reviewed relevant data published or presented at selected scientific conferences since the last panel report through April 2010. Data were identified through a PubMed search, review of scientific conference abstracts, and requests to antiretroviral drug manufacturers for updated clinical trials and adverse event data. Data Extraction and Synthesis New evidence was reviewed by the panel. Recommendations were drafted by section writing committees and reviewed and edited by the entire panel. The quality and strength of the evidence were rated and recommendations were made by full panel consensus. Conclusions Patient readiness for treatment should be confirmed before initiation of antiretroviral treatment. Therapy is recommended for asymptomatic patients with a CD4 cell count 500/µL, for all symptomatic patients, and those with specific conditions and comorbidities. Therapy should be considered for asymptomatic patients with CD4 cell count 500/µL. Components of the initial and subsequent regimens must be individualized, particularly in the context of concurrent conditions. Patients receiving antiretroviral treatment should be monitored regularly; treatment failure should be detected and managed early, with the goal of therapy, even in heavily pretreated patients, being HIV-1 RNA suppression below commercially available assay quantification limits.
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    Antiretroviral Treatment of Adult HIV Infection: 2008 Recommendations of the International AIDS Society–USA Panel
    (2008) Hammer, Scott M.; Eron, Joseph J. Jr.; Reiss, Peter; Schooley, Robert T.; Thompson, Melanie A.; Walmsley, Sharon L.; Cahn, Pedro; Fischl, Margaret A.; Gatell, Jose; Hirsch, Martin S.; Jacobsen, Donna M.; Montaner, Julio; Richman, Douglas D.; Yeni, Patrick; Volberding, Paul A.; International AIDS Society-USA
    Context: The availability of new antiretroviral drugs and formulations, including drugs in new classes, and recent data on treatment choices for antiretroviral-naive and -experienced patients warrant an update of the International AIDS Society-USA guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy in adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Objectives: To summarize new data in the field and to provide current recommendations for the antiretroviral management and laboratory monitoring of HIV infection. This report provides guidelines in key areas of antiretroviral management: when to initiate therapy, choice of initial regimens, patient monitoring, when to change therapy, and how best to approach treatment options, including optimal use of recently approved drugs (maraviroc, raltegravir, and etravirine) in treatment-experienced patients. Data sources and study selection: A 14-member panel with expertise in HIV research and clinical care was appointed. Data published or presented at selected scientific conferences since the last panel report (August 2006) through June 2008 were identified. Data extraction and synthesis: Data that changed the previous guidelines were reviewed by the panel (according to section). Guidelines were drafted by section writing committees and were then reviewed and edited by the entire panel. Recommendations were made by panel consensus. Conclusions: New data and considerations support initiating therapy before CD4 cell count declines to less than 350/microL. In patients with 350 CD4 cells/microL or more, the decision to begin therapy should be individualized based on the presence of comorbidities, risk factors for progression to AIDS and non-AIDS diseases, and patient readiness for treatment. In addition to the prior recommendation that a high plasma viral load (eg, >100,000 copies/mL) and rapidly declining CD4 cell count (>100/microL per year) should prompt treatment initiation, active hepatitis B or C virus coinfection, cardiovascular disease risk, and HIV-associated nephropathy increasingly prompt earlier therapy. The initial regimen must be individualized, particularly in the presence of comorbid conditions, but usually will include efavirenz or a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor plus 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (tenofovir/emtricitabine or abacavir/lamivudine). Treatment failure should be identified and managed promptly, with the goal of therapy, even in heavily pretreated patients, being an HIV-1 RNA level below assay detection limits.
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    Consensus statement on the role of health systems in advancing the long-term well-being of people living with HIV
    (2021-07) Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Safreed-Harmon, Kelly; Kamarulzaman, Adeeba; Anderson, Jane; Baptista Leite, Ricardo; Behrens, Georg; Bekker, Linda-Gail; Bhagani, Sanjay; Brown, Darren; Brown, Graham; Buchbinder, Susan; Caceres, Carlos; Cahn, Pedro; Carrieri, Patrizia; Caswell, Georgina; Cooke, Graham S.; d’Arminio Monforte, Antonella; Dedes, Nikos; del Amo, Julia; Elliott, Richard; El-Sadr, Wafaa M.; Fuster-Ruiz de Apodaca, María José; Guaraldi, Giovanni; Hallett, Tim; Harding, Richard; Hellard, Margaret; Jaffar, Shabbar; Kall, Meaghan; Klein, Marina; Lewin, Sharon R.; Mayer, Ken; Pérez-Molina, Jose A.; Moraa, Doreen; Naniche, Denise; Nash, Denis; Noori, Teymur; Pozniak, Anton; Rajasuriar, Reena; Reiss, Peter; Rizk, Nesrine; Rockstroh, Jürgen; Romero, Diana; Sabin, Caroline; Serwadda, David; Waters, Laura
    Health systems have improved their abilities to identify, diagnose, treat and, increasingly, achieve viral suppression among people living with HIV (PLHIV). Despite these advances, a higher burden of multimorbidity and poorer health-related quality of life are reported by many PLHIV in comparison to people without HIV. Stigma and discrimination further exacerbate these poor outcomes. A global multidisciplinary group of HIV experts developed a consensus statement identifying key issues that health systems must address in order to move beyond the HIV field’s longtime emphasis on viral suppression to instead deliver integrated, person-centered healthcare for PLHIV throughout their lives.
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    Continued indinavir versus switching to indinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected patients with suppressed viral load
    (2003-04-11) Arnaiz, Juan A; Mallolas, Josep; Podzamczer, Daniel; Gerstoft, Jan; Lundgren, Jens D; Cahn, Pedro; Fätkenheuer, Gerd; D'Arminio-Monforte, Antonella; Casiró, Arnaldo; Reiss, Peter; Burger, David M; Stek, Michael; Gatell, Jose
    Objective: To compare continued indinavir (IDV) 8-hourly (q8h) with switching to indinavir/ritonavir (IDV/RTV) 12-hourly (q12h) in HIV-positive patients having suppressed viral load with IDV q8h plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). Design: Multicentre, international, randomized, open-label study enrolling HIV-1 infected patients on IDV 800 mg q8h plus two NRTI with CD4 cell counts > or = 100 x 106/l and plasma HIV RNA < 500 copies/ml for > or = 3 months. Methods: Patients were randomized to continue on the same regimen or to switch to IDV plus liquid RTV (IDV/RTV 800 mg/100 mg q12h). Primary endpoint was the proportion of patients remaining < 500 copies/ml at 48 weeks. Results: A total of 323 patients (IDV/RTV, 162; IDV, 161) were evaluable. At 48 weeks, the proportions of patients with plasma HIV RNA < 500 copies/ml were 93%, 88% and 58% in the IDV/RTV arm versus 92% (P = 1), 86% (P = 0.87) and 74% (P = 0.003) in the IDV arm using on-treatment (OT) and intent-to-treat (ITT) [switches included (ITT, S = I) and switches = failure (ITT, S = F)] analyses respectively. Mean increase in CD4 cell count was 88 x 106/cells/l (IDV/RTV arm) and 60 x 106 cells/l (IDV arm) (P = 0.08). More patients discontinued study medication due to adverse events in the IDV/RTV arm than in the IDV arm (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Equivalence of continuing IDV q8h versus switching to IDV/RTV (liquid) q12h in suppressed stable patients was demonstrated by OT and ITT S = I analyses. However, the IDV q8h arm performed better when discontinuations were classified as failures. IDV/RTV q12h can be convenient and equally effective for patients able to tolerate it
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    Immunodeficiency at the start of combination antiretroviral therapy in low-, middle-, and high-income countries.
    (2014-1) IeDEA and ART Cohort Collaborations; Avila, D.; Althoff, K. N.; Mugglin, C.; Wools-Kaloustian, K.; Koller, M.; Dabis, F.; Nash, D.; Gsponer, T.; Sungkanuparph, S.; McGowan, Catherine C.; May, M.; Cooper, D.; Chimbetete, C.; Wolff, Marcelo; Collier, A.; McManus, H.; Davies, M. A.; Costagliola, D.; Crabtree-Ramirez, Brenda; Chaiwarith, R.; Cescon, A.; Cornell, M.; Diero, L.; Phanuphak, P.; Sawadogo, A.; Ehmer, J.; Eholie, S. P.; Li, P. C.; Fox, M. P.; Gandhi, N. R.; González, E.; Lee, C. K.; Hoffmann, C. J.; Kambugu, A.; Keiser, O.; Ditangco, R.; Prozesky, H.; Lampe, F.; Kumarasamy, N.; Kitahata, M.; Lugina, E.; Lyamuya, R.; Vonthanak, S.; Fink, Valeria; d'Arminio Monforte, A.; Luz, P. M.; Chen, Y. M.; Minga, A.; Casabona, J.; Mwango, A.; Choi, J. Y.; Newell, M. L.; Bukusi, E. A.; Ngonyani, K.; Merati, T. P.; Otieno, J.; Bosco, M. B.; Phiri, S.; Ng, O. T.; Anastos, Kathryn; Rockstroh, J.; Santos, I.; Oka, S.; Somi, G.; Stephan, C.; Teira, R.; Wabwire, D.; Wandeler, G.; Boulle, A.; Reiss, Peter; Wood, R.; Chi, B. H.; Williams, C.; Sterne, J. A.; Egger, M.
    To describe the CD4 cell count at the start of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in low-income (LIC), lower middle-income (LMIC), upper middle-income (UMIC), and high-income (HIC) countries. Methods: Patients aged 16 years or older starting cART in a clinic participating in a multicohort collaboration spanning 6 continents (International epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS and ART Cohort Collaboration) were eligible. Multilevel linear regression models were adjusted for age, gender, and calendar year; missing CD4 counts were imputed. Results: In total, 379,865 patients from 9 LIC, 4 LMIC, 4 UMIC, and 6 HIC were included. In LIC, the median CD4 cell count at cART initiation increased by 83% from 80 to 145 cells/mL between 2002 and 2009. Corresponding increases in LMIC, UMIC, and HIC were from 87 to 155 cells/mL (76% increase), 88 to 135 cells/mL (53%), and 209 to 274 cells/mL (31%). In 2009, compared with LIC, median counts were 13 cells/mL [95% confidence interval (CI): 256 to +30] lower in LMIC, 22 cells/mL (262 to +18) lower in UMIC, and 112 cells/mL (+75 to +149) higher in HIC. They were 23 cells/mL (95% CI: +18 to +28 cells/mL) higher in women than men. Median counts were 88 cells/mL (95% CI: +35 to +141 cells/mL) higher in countries with an estimated national cART coverage .80%, compared with countries with ,40% coverage. Conclusions: Median CD4 cell counts at the start of cART increased 2000–2009 but remained below 200 cells/mL in LIC and MIC and below 300 cells/mL in HIC. Earlier start of cART will require substantial efforts and resources globally.